Important to the structure of the Forex market is liquidity. Without liquidity, the activity would be chaotic, highlighted by jumps and gaps in prices. A highly liquid market, however, creates a smooth entry and exit transition, making it desirable for all of the players in the market to participate from small speculators to large institutions.
Liquidity isnt created out of thin air, or by a small trader in the U.S., Europe or Asia. It is generated by a liquidity provider, which is by definition a market broker or institution which behaves as a market maker in a chosen asset class.
List of the Major Forex PlayersCommercial Banks
Banks are usually involved in both large quantities of speculative trading and also daily commercial turnover. Some trade in billions of dollars in foreign currencies everyday. Some trade on behalf of clients. Others trade proprietary accounts.
Commercial and investment banks provide bid-ask quotes for all currency pairs they make a market in. They usually offer the tightest spreads for these currency pairs to the biggest and best customers, and often resort to trading the pairs on behalf of their clients, rather than depending on just the bid-ask spreads to make profits.
The major commercial bank liquidity providers include Citibank, Deutsche Bank, Societe Generale, Union Bank of Switzerland and HSBC.
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Central Banks
Central banks play an important role in the Forex market and that role is controlling the supply of different currencies. Besides having to worry about regulating inflation and interest rates, they are also responsible for stabilizing the Forex market when necessary.
Central banks may not be as active as commercial banks, but when there is a dire need such as a financial crisis, they stand ready to intervene if necessary to provide liquidity to their respective nations through money market operations.
Central banks are often approached as a last resort if normal Forex operations are being stressed.
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Investment Firms
Investment management firms commonly manage huge accounts on behalf of their clients and require the exchange of foreign currencies so they have to facilitate these transactions through the use of the foreign exchange market.
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Retail Forex Brokers
This group handles a fraction of the total volume of the entire Forex market that is estimated at between 25 to 50 billion dollars each day or about 2% of the total market volume.
Unless a retail Forex broker has high capital reserves, it cannot trade with the major liquidity providers and have access to all of the perks including tight spreads that come with having huge amounts of capital.
Retail traders including speculators seldom have the need to trade in such huge volumes, unlike institutional traders. Therefore, their access to the Forex market is usually via regulated online Forex brokers, who are the secondary liquidity providers in the market.
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Speculators
These are the risk-taking individuals or private investors who purchase and sell foreign currencies and profit through fluctuations in their prices.
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Algorithmic Traders
High-frequency algorithmic traders or Algo traders have managed to change the landscape of Forex CFD trading. Todays world of electronic trading and computerized trade-matching has allowed a proliferation of programmed high-frequency traders using among others highly sophisticated pattern recognition analysis to enter the trading arena under the guise of liquidity providers.
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